Nomadictourism is a new tourism trend in Indonesia which is being proposed by the Ministry of Tourism. One of the destinations that provides nomadic tourism-based accommodation is Bandung Regency, Ciwidey District, and Rancabali District. This research focuses on tourist preferences in choosing nomadic
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DescriptionBandung City as a students and industrial city has become attraction for people from other regions in Nusantara to visit it to study and look for a job. Heterogeneity of Bandung population, also as a constrainnt to manage, is a potential to develop as a the centre of Nusantara food that can support economic growth of Bandung City
Sustainable tourism is one of Djuanda Forest Park Tahura management goals in implementing a visitor management strategy in the North Bandung Protected Areas. Djuanda Forest Park is an important area to be preserved as a tourist destination because of its very strategic function for environmental sustainability in Bandung City and its buffer areas. The visitor management strategy's implementation level can be seen from the perception of tourist who comes to Djuanda Forest Park, which analyzes by the intensity of destination use, accessibility, and carrying capacity. Perception cannot be separated from the satisfaction of tourists when visiting. This study aims to analyze tourists' perceptions of the implementation of visitor management strategies together with tourist satisfaction in the Tahura protected area. The method used is descriptive with data collection techniques through questionnaires. The results showed that tourist perceptions and satisfaction with the Visitor Management Strategy application were quite good. In improving quality, management is expected to be able to design a more systematic flow of visits and limit the number of visits for each tourist area to minimize the impact of tourism activities on the environment. On the satisfaction side, managers need to improve product and service quality, especially the preservation of tourist areas to create tourists experience Discover the world's research25+ million members160+ million publication billion citationsJoin for free Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism ISSN 2527-9092 Vol 06 No 02, 2020 153-164 153 Submitted 8th September 2020 Accepted 12th December 2020 TOURIST PERCEPTION OF VISITOR MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN NORTH BANDUNG PROTECTED AREA Ersy Ervinaa1, SRP Wulunga2, Vany Octivanya31Telkom University, Indonesia 2University of Education Indonesia, Indonesia ersy ABSTRACT Sustainable tourism is one of Djuanda Forest Park Tahura management goals in implementing a visitor management strategy in the North Bandung Protected Areas. Djuanda Forest Park is an important area to be preserved as a tourist destination because of its very strategic function for environmental sustainability in Bandung City and its buffer areas. The visitor management strategy's implementation level can be seen from the perception of tourist who comes to Djuanda Forest Park, which analyzes by the intensity of destination use, accessibility, and carrying capacity. Perception cannot be separated from the satisfaction of tourists when visiting. This study aims to analyze tourists' perceptions of the implementation of visitor management strategies together with tourist satisfaction in the Tahura protected area. The method used is descriptive with data collection techniques through questionnaires. The results showed that tourist perceptions and satisfaction with the Visitor Management Strategy application were quite good. In improving quality, management is expected to be able to design a more systematic flow of visits and limit the number of visits for each tourist area to minimize the impact of tourism activities on the environment. On the satisfaction side, managers need to improve product and service quality, especially the preservation of tourist areas to create tourists experience Keywords Tourists Perception; Visitor Management Strategy; Tourists Satisfaction. INTRODUCTION Protected areas have an important function and role in sustainable development. The designation of protected areas aims to prevent the devastation of natural resources and provide economic benefits for the community Dowling, 2001. North Bandung Area or Kawasan Bandung Utara, is a buffer plateau area covering four main areas, namely Bandung City, Bandung Regency, West Bandung Regency and Cimahi City. The area which has land contours at an altitude of 750 to 1,000 meter above sea level. This area has an important role as a water catchment and some of its areas are protected areas North Bandung Area, is a buffer plateau area that covers four main areas, namely Bandung City, Bandung Regency, West Bandung Regency and Cimahi City. The area which has land contours at an altitude of 750 to 1,000 meter above sea level. This area has an important role as a water catchment and some of its areas are protected areas Afandi, 2014. Referring to the Regional Regulation of West Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism ISSN 2527-9092 Vol 06 No 02, 2020 153-164 154 Java Province of 2008 concerning Control of Spatial Utilization of the North Bandung Area, one of its functions is to direct the development of the tourism sector, especially in ecotourism, agro-tourism, educational tourism and sports tourism. Djuanda Forest Park has become a protected area whose space is used for tourism activities. Spatial utilization in North Bandung area is also supported by the Local Government policy direction set out in the West Java Provincial Regulation No. 25 of 2008 concerning Management of Djuanda Forest Park. Local regulations make it clear that tourism is one of the activities in the protected area of North Bandung. Djuanda Forest Park consists of three areas, namely Area Pakar, Maribaya, and Curug Dago, which stretches from Dago Pakar to Maribaya Lembang Arief, 2013. Djuanda forest park is part of the Bandung basin area, which has a historical background that intimately related to ancient times until now. Various relics found show that this area is a witness to the development of the city of Bandung since the beginning of the ancient lake. Geologically, this region experienced changes caused by natural turmoil over a long period during the process of formation of the universe. This protected area is the largest park ever built by the Dutch East Indies Government named Pulosari Protection Forest with an area of 590 Hectares. As a nature conservation area and tourism destination, TAHURA managers should maintain tourist attractions, conserve natural resources and meet visitor satisfaction. Due to these factors, tourists are encouraged to visit this area so that tourism activities can be sustainable Waluya, 2016. Sustainable tourism itself, defined as all forms of development, management and tourism activities by ensuring long-term protection of natural, cultural and social resources and contributing positively to community welfare Eagles et al., 2002. One strategy for achieving sustainable tourism in protected areas is by implementing a visitor management strategy. Managing visitors is one important way to manage the impact of tourism on the environment, especially its link between tourism activities in protected areas and socio-cultural and economic environments Peter Mason, 2005. It is a tool and control that is widely used by several destinations in managing the flow of visitors, either by limiting the number of visitor according to capacity, or the spread of visitors. UNWTO 2015 proposed fundamental issues in managing tourism destinations and their indicators that can help measure those issues, including the intensity of destination use, the density of the use of tourist facilities, and the design of the carrying capacity. Tourists who come to TAHURA have various reasons, including the quality of the destinations, tourist facilities, services, and tourist attractions in each area. Tahura is an alternative to outdoor tourism that is in great demand by Bandung residents, even tourists from outside the city. During the Covid-19 pandemic, TAHURA's management had imposed restrictions on the number of visitors and tourist activities by implementing a reservation system. Although the level of visits during weekdays is relatively controlled, there are often long queues on weekends or holidays even before operating hours open. The management has tried to provide the best service during tourists visiting TAHURA. Such as providing tour guide services and wheelchair facilities for the convenience of visitors. Nevertheless, visitor education about protected areas through information boards or other media is still not optimal. Other conditions, some tourism activities are still not well spread Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism ISSN 2527-9092 Vol 06 No 02, 2020 153-164 155 and supporting facilities are inadequate. This condition can affect satisfaction and visitor perception. The success of visitor management strategies undertaken by the management of nature-based tourism destinations depends on how visitors felt perceived Daily et al., 1997. The perception of tourists becomes input and evaluation in improving nature-based tourism destinations' facilities and services Alessa et al., 2003; Daily, 2000; Schnurr & Holtz, 1998. Tourist behaviour can indirectly be influenced by the quality of the environment of tourism destinations, on the other hand, tourists can directly influence the quality of the environment of tourism destinations based on their behaviour Pendleton et al., 2001. The main variables to measure tourist perceptions of the tourism destination environment, such variables include awareness, opinion, and level of tourist satisfaction Petrosillo et al., 2007 A destination must be able to improve its quality to obtain a positive perception. Forming a positive perception of visitors is one of the keys to ensuring the development of a tourist destination Ismayanti, 2010. Perception is a perspective, actions and images that a person gives to something in his environment, whether positive or negative Murianto, 2014. In creating a positive perception, a tourism destination is required to meet the needs and desires of visitors and provide tourist experience Pitana & Gayatri, 2005. The management of a destination depends on how they are perceived by the wider community. Therefore, in improving the quality of destination management, perceptions from visitors are needed Daily, 2000. Previous research on visitor management and protected areas states that one way to reduce the negative impact of natural damage due to tourism activities is to implement a visitor management strategy Hall & Arthur, 1996; P Mason, 2003; Pearce, 1989. Several researchers have focused on a community approach in evaluating the application of visitor management. Mason 2005 states that the implementation of visitor management does not only require the application of "Hard" and "Soft" but also requires the experience of tourists in their behaviour, however this study does not explore from the perspective of tourists' opinions on the policies made. Studies on tourists' perceptions of protected areas have been carried out, such as research by Petrosillo et al. 2007 which is located in the marine area as a protected area, Study conduct by Salim et al. 2019 examines the public perception of nature as protected area. However, studies on tourist perceptions of the application of visitor management strategies in protected areas are still very limited. For this reason, this study tries to explore tourists' perceptions of the implementation of visitor management strategies in north Bandung protected areas by taking the location in Djuanda Forest Park. METHODOLOGY This research was conducted at Djuanda Forest Park's tourist destination as a protected area in North Bandung. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires and personal interviews to visitors who had visited Djuanda Forest Park. The questionnaire was arranged in a structured manner divided into several categories respondent characteristics, respondent experience, visitor awareness of protected areas, visitor satisfaction, and visitor perceptions on the implementation of Visitor Management Strategies VMS. There are five alternative answer choices Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism ISSN 2527-9092 Vol 06 No 02, 2020 153-164 156 on the questionnaire, and some questions are given open answer options to strengthen quantitative answers. The tourist perceptions and satisfaction Djuanda forest park are then given an assessment using a Likert scale from negative with a score of 1 one to the most positive with a score of 5 five to facilitate statistical analysis. The questionnaires were distributed to 101 respondent, which out of the target of 100 questionnaires and all respondents had visited Tahura. The data obtained were then analyzed by descriptive analysis method aimed to find out the causal factors and describing the research variables. RESULTS Djuanda Forest Park, geographically located at 1070 30 'BT and 60 52' LS and is the site of the Cikapundung River and Citarum River Basin. Administratively Duanda Forest Park is located in the area of Bandung Regency Ciburial Village, West Bandung Regency Mekarwangi Village, Cibodas Village, Langensari Village, and Wangunharja Village, and Bandung City Dago Village. The Management is under the Regional Technical Implementation Unit of the West Java Province through the Central Forest Park Management Center. Based on history, Djuanda Forest Park is the first Forest Park in Indonesia which was initiated by President Soeharto and coincided with the date of birth of West Java Heroes Ir. H. Djuanda. Initially, it is known as the Mount Pulosari Protection Forest and Curug Dago Tourism Park. Physical conditions in Tahura Forest Park is divided into physiographic, climatic, stratigraphic, and ecological conditions. A detailed explanation of the physical condition is as follows Tahura located on three borders of the administrative region has experienced changes caused by natural phenomena during a long period of forming the universe. The physiography is included in the Bandung Zone Bandung-Tangkubanparahu-Citatah-SagulingRegion. Regional Geomorphology of the Great Forest Park area Ir. H. Djuanda is located in the central volcanic units Mount Palasari, Mount Manglayang, and Mount Bukit Tunggul and extrusive volcanic units Tangkubanparahu and the Lembang Fault. Tahura has a tropical climate humid which was identified as a wet period between October-March and relatively dry in June-September with humidity of 70-90% and rainfall of 3000-4500 mm/year. Weather in Taman Hutan Raya Ir. H. Juanda is influenced by seasonal circulation patterns, the regional topography of West Java, and the Bandung plain topography's elevation. This makes the weather in the Forest Park Raya Ir. H. Juanda is different from other regions in West Java. Forest Park Area Ir. H. Djuanda is controlled by the Lembang Fault which has east-west straightness with a downward movement of faults. Characteristics of geological diversity in the Great Forest Park area Ir. H. Djuanda is dominated by quarterly volcanoes that start at Mount Sunda Purba to Mount Tangkubanparahu. Besides, there are outcrops of igneous rock such as basalt lava and burly column structures associated with waterfalls, and hills. Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism ISSN 2527-9092 Vol 06 No 02, 2020 153-164 157 Ecological Conditions in Forest Park Raya Ir. H. Djuanda is a Riparian Ecosystem located at an altitude of 770 to 1330 asl. Meanwhile, soil conditions in THRD are dominated by Andosol soils with high fertility. Biodiversity in Djuanda Forest Park is mixed vegetation covering an area of 526, 98 Ha. Types of flora from within and outside the country can be found in the area Arboretum collection of plants, the area has an area of 30 hectares inhabited by 40 families, 112 species. For tree species in Forest Park Raya Ir. H. Djuanda includes Mexican Pine, Ugandan Mahogany, Eucalyptus, Sausage, Sumatran Pine, Sulawesi Bayur, Honduran Cedar, Cengal Pasir, Tide, Saninten, Kaliandra, Angsana, and others. As for the types of fauna found in the Forest Park area of Ir. H. Djuanda includes primates and birds, including Kera Ekor Panjang, Burung Kacamata, Perejak Jawa, Cinenen Pisang, Bongol Jawa, Jalak Suren, Perkutut Jawa, Elang Ular Bido, Cucak Kutilang. Also, there are deer that are maintained and managed in the area Tourist Profile & Characteristic Respondents in this study can be considered to be a representation of the total tourist population who visited Djuanda Forest park as a protected area in the North Bandung Area. In order to obtain data about the profile of tourists it is necessary to ask questions related to the respondent's socio demographic gender, age, place origin, education, occupation. The following Table is the respondent's profile and characteristics data. Table 1. Tourist Profile In Tahura North Bandung Protected Area Respondents n = 101 No Variable Percentage % 1Gender Male 55,4 Female 44,62Age 20-30 Yo 44,6 31-40 Yo 29,7 41-50 Yo 15,8 > 50 Yo 10,93Place Origin Bandung 70,3 Jabodetabek 12 Sumatra 6 Other 11,74Education SMA 19,8 Diploma 4,4 S1 26,7 Master Degree 42,6 Doctorate program 6,9 Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism ISSN 2527-9092 Vol 06 No 02, 2020 153-164 158 5Occupation Government Staff 25,7 Private 29,7 Student 29,7 Other 14,7The results of the questionnaire above can be seen by male respondents outnumbered females with a percentage of with the most age range classes at the age of 31-40 years. The tourists are mostly coming from Bandung citizens with of respondents and second, come from Jabodetabek Jakarta Bogor Depok Tangerang Bekasi which is close to West Java province. Most people surveyed had a master degree and bachelor degree background of with the largest proportion of jobs being students and private employees, each of whom had a magnitude of Besides, the characteristic of Djuanda Forest Park Tahura tourists can be identified through the frequency of visits, average expenditure, people invited during the visit and sources of information about Tahura. In detail we can observe in the following Table Table 2 Tourist Characteristic Respondents n = 101 No Description Alternative Answer Percentage % 1Frequent of Visit on 1x 40,6 2x 18,8 3x 40,62Spending Money per visit Rp. 43Companion Alone 3 Friend 50,5 Family 45,5 Partner 14Source of Information Friend 63,4 Internet 26,7 Newspaper 3 Other 6,9 Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism ISSN 2527-9092 Vol 06 No 02, 2020 153-164 159 Tourist Awareness of Taman Hutan Raya Djuanda Tahura North Bandung Protected Area To get the level of tourist awareness of the protected area in north Bandung, questions are asked regarding tourists' perception in protecting the preserved area. This awareness can be measured through their opinion about the condition of the natural environment, the management carried out by Tahura on environmental quality and their opinion concerning the limited number of visits. A high percentage of respondents 87,1% of visitors are aware of Tahura as a Protected Area in North Bandung. The tourist's opinion regarding the environmental preservation in the Tahura, as much as 58,4% of respondent stated in good and excellent. There are 32,7% state the preservation efforts were on average. The environmental quality education carried out by management is still very low with 38,6% answering good and 5,9% very good. More than half of the respondents stated that Tahura's management work program related to environmental education is still lacking. In terms of utilizing insurance costs on the entrance fee, most tourists agree to pay, with 60,5% of the respondents agreeing and strongly agreeing. Concerning the limitation of tourist numbers due to preserving the environment, of respondents agreed and strongly agreed to preserve the environment although disrupting their tourism activities. in general, the tourist's are aware that Tahura as tourism protected area, but visitors assess conservation efforts undertaken by management Tahura especially in educating visitors still need to be improved Table 3. Tourist Awareness of Environment In Tahura as North Bandung Area Respondents n = 101 No Question Alternative Answer % 1 Tourist Awareness of Tahura as Protected Area Yes 87,1 No 12,9 2 Tourist opinion of the Condition of environmental preservation in the Tahura, North Bandung Protected Area Not Very Good 1 Not Good 7,9 Average 32,7 Good 50,5 Very Good 7,9 3 Environmental quality education carried out by the management of Tahura North Bandung Area Not Very Good 3 Not Good 11,9 Average 40,9 Good 38,6 Very Good 5,9 4 Visitor opinion about Insurance coverage approved by the visit and recreational activities in the Tahura, North Bandung Area Not Very Good 3 Not Good 14,9 Average 21,8 Good 29,8 Very Good 30,7 5 Not Very Good 4 Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism ISSN 2527-9092 Vol 06 No 02, 2020 153-164 160 Visitor opinion if the management applies restrictions recreational activities on visiting Tahura, North Bandung Area Not Good 14,9 Average 18,8 Good 41,6 Very Good 20,8 In addition to closed questions above, also filed related public opinion efforts should be made by management in conserving Tahura region. Most of the respondents stated the management could provide education for visitors, determine each tourist zone's carrying capacity, improve pedestrian areas, increase trash bin facilities, and carry out educational programs such as planting trees. In general, it can be seen that the public are aware Tahura as a protected area which must be maintained and preserved, but respondent assess conservation efforts undertaken by management Tahura especially in educating visitors still need to be improved. Tourist Attraction and Environmental impacts in Taman Hutan Raya Djuanda Tahura North Bandung Protected Area Tourism activities have positive and negative impacts on the environment. This study aims to determine the tourist perception of the impact of tourism on the ecosystem through the implementation of a visitor management strategy. Most of the tourist activities carried out in Djuanda Forest Park are trekking, enjoying the waterfall, and relaxation. These activities directly or indirectly impact soil damage, water condition, flora and fauna, and the landscape. The study results show that the relaxation activity is very potential for environmental destruction compared to trekking or enjoying waterfalls activities. Relaxation activities with many kinds of different forms can trigger the behaviour of tourists who are less responsible such as waste production, density in certain zones, and natural damage. The time spent by tourists in relaxation largely determines the potential for environmental damage, while tourism activities' least impact is damage to the landscape. The detail of tourist attraction and environmental impact can be seen in the table below Table 4. Tourist Attraction and Environmental Impact Respondents n= 101 %No Tourism Activity Very Little Little Neutral Much Very Much 1 Spent activity on trekking 316,837,632,79,92 Activity in Water Fall 414,937,734,78,93 Activity on relaxation 07,926,750,514,94 Impact tourism activity soil damage 210,945,533,77,95 Impact tourism activity on water damage 212,945,533,75,9 Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism ISSN 2527-9092 Vol 06 No 02, 2020 153-164 161 6 Impact tourism Activity on flora & fauna 114,946,531,75,97 Impact tourism activity to landscape211,952,525,77,9Djuanda Forest Park has unique natural tourism potential, supported by a variety of flora and fauna. However, this circumstance needs to be balanced with the maintenance and enhancement of visitor facilities. Some of the tourism objects that need to be improved are the Dutch Cave area, waterfall tourist attractions or Curug Omas, walking paths and other zones. As a tourist destination, Djuanda Forest Park strives to provide the best service to create tourist satisfaction. The perception of visitor management strategies' implementation cannot be separated from their satisfaction during their visit. The Djuanda Forest Park management aimed to preserve protected areas and expected to be able to manage tourist attraction by creating sustainable tourism Candrea & Ispas, 2009. Satisfaction aspects assessed in strengthening visitor perceptions include analysis through prices, variations in prices and products offered, natural beauty and tourist attractions, air and water quality, service availability, friendliness, speed and employee response to guest complaints. The results of the research data recap show that an average level of tourist satisfaction is quite high, at 67%. In general, natural conditions as a tourist attraction are excellent. However, the quality of service still needs to be improved, especially in terms of handling complaints and speed of service. The questionnaire summarisations on visitor satisfaction can be seen in Table 6 below Table 5 Tourist Satisfaction NoQuestion Respondents n= 101 % Very unsatisfied Unsatisfied Neutral Satisfied Very satisfied 1Price offered 084934102Variety of price and product offering 019522733The Beauty of nature and attraction 002651244The Quality of air dan water 001948345Service availability Customer Service staff in all areas of Tahura 124521956The friendliness of the staff 117522567The speed of service 118572148Staff responses to visitor complaints in Tahura 12257183Other opinions related to matters need to be improved for tourist satisfaction, there was a lack of information presented on the website which is still very least Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism ISSN 2527-9092 Vol 06 No 02, 2020 153-164 162 and has not been updated. In addition, in terms of service, Djuanda Forest Park still lacks staff in serving visitors. Mostly officers are only found at the entrance gate, where there must be a person serving at each counter or certain point. The condition of accessibility that is still not completely good, it has become concerned since it can facilitate mobilization and exploration throughout the Tahura region. On the other side, the existence of tour guides, loyalty programs and promotions also need to be developed. Brochures and information boards to make it easier for visitors are also lacking. DISCUSSION This study was designed to determine visitors' perceptions in the implementation of the visitor management strategy on protected areas to support sustainable tourism in Djuanda Forest Park, Bandung. Most respondents with a background in education and stable employment indicate that the visitors' level of awareness will show a very well protected area. This should be followed by a program from the management that involves visitors to take part in nature conservation such as tree planting programs or waste reduction so that visitors have recreation and contribute to sustainable tourism. The high tourist activity at a specific location in the protected area can impact environmental degradation. The most favourite tourist activity at Djuanda Forest Park such as relaxation and trekking tour done in a relatively longer time than other activities could potentially damage the soil, water and flora and fauna. Therefore, it is necessary to expand tourism areas evenly so that the distribution of visitors is more balanced in all areas. The management needs to consider more zoning and managing the supply by imposing restrictions on the number of visitors and the length of visiting hours considered to conserve natural resources Candrea & Ispas, 2009. The management of Djuanda Forest Park has implemented a visitor management strategy in the form of a hard and soft approach. Hard approach or physical development and 'soft' through education and interpretation as proposed by Mason 2005. However, the perception of tourists in these two aspects is still not optimal. Management needs to emphasize managing the visitor experience. Overall, the measurement of visitor perceptions on the implementation of the visitor management strategy analyzed through the intensity of destination use, ease of access and planning for carrying capacity still needs to be improved. The existing tourism infrastructure along the Djuanda Forest Park area needs to be equipped and requires good maintenance. Such as the procurement of tourist guide boards, the number of bins, the arrangement of tourist attractions, and the determination of the amount of carrying capacity. There are two purposes of managing protected areas from the administrator side minimizing the environmental impact and increasing tourism visits. Candrea and Ispas 2009 state that this can be done in three ways, first, managing the tourism supply by expanding the area of tourist activity to balance the distribution of people. Second, management can arrange the demand due to the number of people visit. Third, by increasing resource capacity on the importance of sustainable tourism and impact management. The perception of visitor management is inseparable from visitor satisfaction and the quality of service they get when they visit. Most of the respondents were residents who had made previous visits. Many of these respondents still complained Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism ISSN 2527-9092 Vol 06 No 02, 2020 153-164 163 about the lack of maintenance of tourist areas and packaging of tourism products. for instance, in the Dutch cave area, trekking paths, and public facilities. In terms of visitors, satisfaction and experience are very important. Therefore, management needs to improve service quality and package tourism products more attractive. These will lead to a tourist experience to be so that visitors feel satisfied and return to Djuanda Forest Park CONCLUSION The biggest challenge in managing a protected area as a tourist destination is to minimize the negative impact of tourism activities and conserve natural resources. A visitor management strategy is essential to keep Protected Areas sustainable. Through this research, tourists' perceptions of the application of visitor management strategies can be investigated and become information and evaluation materials in enhancing the quality of management. Overall, the perception of tourists on the application of visitor management strategies is quite good. It is directly proportional to the level of satisfaction they get when visiting. However, the key to a tourist destination's success is inseparable from the tourist experience of the products and services provided. For this reason, improving the tourist experience through education and services is significant. Several things need to be developed by the management regarding the visitor management strategy, such as the visitor flow so that all areas can be visited evenly, adding information boards that educate visitors and the quality of service. Sustainable tourism management requires strategic steps both planning and evaluating, on an ongoing basis by considering the needs of tourists and nature conservation. This research was limited in a short period and one destination and focused on some implementation of visitor management strategy. Future studies expected to explore the experience of tourists in the protected area REFERENCESAfandi, M. N. 2014. Implementasi Kebijakan Pembangunan di Kawasan Bandung Utara Dalam Perspektif Pembangunan Berwawasan Lingkungan. Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Bisnis, 112. Alessa, L., Bennett, S. M., & Kliskey, A. D. 2003. Effect of Knowledge, Personal Attribution and Perception of Ecosystem Health on Depreciative Behaviours in The Intertidal Zone of Pacific Rim National Park and Reserve. Journal of Environmental Management, 682. Arief, A. M. R. 2013. Pengembangan Aktivitas Wisata di Taman Hutan Raya Ir. H. Djuanda Bandung Jawa Barat. Jurnal Sorot, 82, 1â190. Candrea, A. N., & Ispas, A. 2009. 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Visitor management menjadi salah satu pendekatan yang dapat menjadi pilihan bagi masyarakat desa khususnya pengelola wisata pegunungan. Penerapan visitor management merupakan upaya yang untuk meningkatkan kualitas produk pariwisata Albrecht, 2017;Ervina et al., 2020;Pearce & Dowling, 2019. Visitor Management juga berdampak positif kepada kualitas pengalaman dan kepuasan pengunjung Albrecht, 2017;Damanik & Yusuf, 2022;Pikkemaat et al., 2020. ...... Penelitian tentang visitor management telah banyak menjadi fokus para akademisi yang mengkaji bidang kepariwisataan di berbagai destinasi dengan jenis atraksi yang berbeda. Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Ervina et al., 2020 membahas tentang visitor management pada pengelolaan hutan raya menggunakan pendekatan survey menghasilkan persepsi wisatawan secara dinilai baik. Sehingga dinilai tidak melihat secara keseluruhan fenomena dan masalah yang terjadi di destinasi untuk dikaji secara mendalam. ...... Aktifitas yang berkaitan dengan wisata pegunungan di Pundu Nence perlu pengelolaan yang baik khususnya pada visitor management. Pendekatan visitor management untuk wisata pegunungan seperti Pundu Nence yang dinilai relatif baru dinilai perlu untuk direncanakan sehingga bisa memberikan pengalaman berkualitas bagi pengunjung Albrecht, 2017;Ervina et al., 2020;Pearce & Dowling, 2019. ...Herman HermanRumba RumbaAnak Agung Ngurah Sedana PutraPutu Ari NugrahaPurpose Mountain tourism being a tourist destination that offers natural and special interest attractions thus appropriate for visitors that prefer nature and adventure. Understanding visitor management is crucial for mountain tourism operators. The aims of this study are to 1 Identify the availability of tourist attractions; 2 Identify the actual condition of visitor management; and 3 Recommend a management quality improvement model through the visitor management approach. Method The research applied a qualitative approach and employed interviews and observations to collect data. The research was conducted in the Mount Pundu Nence area. This research was conducted from January to March 2023. Result The results of the study indicated that the component of tourist attractions consists of interest as the main attraction and is supported by natural and cultural attractions. The actual condition of visitor management is not well demonstrated by the unidentified registration of visitors, unavailable tourist information center TIC, the visitor flow is incomplete, the pricing and fees are less than optimal, the parking lot is not adequate, the signboard is lacking and the waste management is not optimal. The research recommended a management improvement model based on the components of hard visitor management tools and soft visitor management tools. The hard visitor management tools recommended three aspects, such as setting prices and fees in the packaging of packages, providing parking space and creating regulations for waste management. The soft visitor management tools recommended four aspects, using QR code as a registration and payment system for visitors, providing tourist information center TIC by utilizing the current buildings and using social media to manage information, installing signage in vital areas, and developing a visitor flow system that could be implemented by visitors and operators. Contribution The research presents a model of mountain tourism management using the visitor management approach. The model could be implemented by tourism operators or local authorities to improve the quality of mountain tourism experiences.... Kawasan Bandung Utara KBU berpotensi mendukung perwujudan pariwisata berkelanjutan melalui penetapannya sebagai kawasan lindung dan budidaya yang berperan dalam menunjang kehidupan masyarakat di wilayah Bandung Raya Ervina et al., 2020. Di sisi lain, KBU merupakan kawasan yang memiliki tingkat kerentanan akan potensi bencana geologi yang tinggi, bencana tersebut mencakup bencana gempa bumi, longsor/ gerakan tanah, dan bencana gunung api Kurnianto et al., 2019. ...Shandra Rama Panji WulungThe North Bandung Area has a high level of disaster risk and is a leading tourism destination for West Java. As a disaster mitigation effort, the design of geotourism routes in the North Bandung area has the opportunity to minimize the level of vulnerability of tourists and educate them. This study aims to design a disaster-based geotourism route in the North Bandung Area. This qualitative research was conducted for eight months and was carried out in the North Bandung Area. Primary data were obtained through semi-structured interviews, observation, and positioning of spatial elements. Secondary data was collected through a desk study sourced from policy documents, literature, and previous research. Qualitative analysis is the method in this research and is equipped with content analysis, map analysis, and qualitative descriptive analysis. The complexity of the geological structure makes the North Bandung area has a high level of vulnerability to the threat of geological disasters. The potential sources of geological disasters in the North Bandung area are the Tangkubanparahu Volcano and the Lembang Fault. In addition, there are other sources of non-geological disasters, namely the high intensity of rainfall which can trigger landslides and floods. There are two geotourism trails which include the Tangkubanparahu Volcano Disaster-Prone Geotourism Trail and Lembang Fault Earthquake Hazard Geotourism Trail. The Skeleton Valley Landslide Hazard Area is classified as a geotourism route due to the limited tourist attraction and limited scope. The high tourism activity and the large potential for disaster in the North Bandung Area can provide added value for tourists through disaster education during geotourism H. Djuanda Forest Park, is a natural tourism destination located in Bandung, West Java and in low land parts of Gunung Pulosari, passed by Cikapundung river stream. This research aimed to recommend the appropriate tourism planning to be implemented in the Ir. H. Djuanda Forest Park. Through landscape hazard analysis within slope gradient and soil element contained, we developed landscape sensitivity map. The result shows that 65,508% from the total area is a high sensitivity land. Beside that, only 4,335% from the total area is a low sensitivity lands and can be explored for active tourism attraction. The visual preference analysis was held to identify the potential attractiveness of many tourisms object in this area. The high potential object is dominanated with natural landscape objects and man-made object is the less potential. Almost all of the potential objects are located in high sensitivity land. Unfortunately, the uninterested object with unclear function is located in low sensitivity land which it is suitable for intensive recreation activities. The planner of this area should consider the role of limited activities and facilities development in low caring capacity land. For conservation purpose, planting endemic vegetation in sensitive landslide land should be carried out in order to maintain forest Sintang Regency is one of the 12 regencies and two cities in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The total area of this regency is approximately million hectares ha with 59% of the area designated as state forest area which provides high biodiversity and environmental services for adjoining communities. Through multi-stakeholder scenario planning, the government of Sintang Regency committed to protect and preserve forest resources for long-term landscape planning and sustainable utilization. Scenario planning yielded two possible outcomes in 2030 called âgreenâ and âbusiness as usualâ BAU scenarios. Under the green scenario, future development without deforestation and land permits complied with spatial planning while under the BAU scenario, future conditions will be the result of past conditions without interventions. This study aimed to analyze land-use change in the regency over the past ten years. By applying the Terrset Land Change Modeller LCM algorithm, this study predicted the land use and carbon stock change of both scenarios in 2030. Three steps to apply the LCM are by analyzing the changes based on past history, modeling the transition potential and predicting the changes. Time series data of land cover data from 2006 to 2016 were used for this analysis. The results indicated that a green scenario prevents to stop deforestation about 117,136 ha more than 5% compared to the BAU scenario. Furthermore, the green scenario prevents the emission of 5 million tons of carbon tC for the regency indicating that the multi-stakeholder scenario planning process can be an effective strategy to preserve land and forest resources and promote sustainable development planning. The green scenario requires to limit the expansion of plantation areas, which are only allowed inside the current cultivation license and permit Moh. Rifiyan AriefDjuanda forest park based RIPPDA Prov. Jabar in 2005 isone tourist attraction that supports the development of mountainousnature of urban and tourist areas Bandung education. At this time,tourism activities in the forest park can be said Djuanda less variedand not utilize the full potensial optimaly. This is evident from theclose of the management of some the activities alredy the management of this activity is not offset by the newtourist activities, which led to the visitors who come today are lesslikely to have the option of doing tourist activities. Related to theabove, in support of the position Djuanda forest park as a touristattraction mountainous landscape that supports the development ofurban and tourist areas Bandung education is deemed necessary tocarry out the development of tourism article analyzes visitor management techniques as a way to develop sustainable tourism in protected areas. Visitor management is an important tool in recreational and protected areas, as increasing use levels can negatively impact the quality of recreational experience as well as natural resources. To meet the requirements of both nature and visitors, a prudent and careful management is necessary. In order to manage protected areas within acceptable ecological and social carrying capacities, tourism planners need to monitor visitor numbers, leisure activities and behaviour and understand expectations and WaluyaRima Sophal JamilForest tourism always improve itself to be better as like as the progressive of sustainable tourism and tourist has knew to go back to nature. The sustainable tourism well going on it is the ecotourism. One of the ecotourism area who famous is it grand forest park. As a nature-based tourism grand forest park need strategy to increase number of visitâs, they using elements of ecotourism strategy. Elements of ecotourism as independent variable X is nature, education and sustainability, and dependent variable Y is visit decision. Sustainable and education differentiating ecotourism from ânature-based tourismâ. This type of research was descriptive verificative research and sampling methode use was systematic random sampling with the amount of sampling was 100 domestic tourist who has visited grand forest park. Techniques of data analysis and hypothesis testing used was multiple linear regression analysis. The result showed that the dimension of the element of ecotourism education and visit decision dimension on purchase timing at the lowest score if we compared to other dimension. However it can be concluded that the elements of ecotourism grand forest park and the visit decision to grand forest park in the category of avarage, and also elements of ecotourism has influence the visit MuriantoAik Berik village has a wide variety of tourist attractions. This research is aimed at identifying potential ecotourism attractions, activities that could be developed in and around the village. In addition, it will investigate perceptions of local communities and tourists concerning the villageâs potential development as an ecotourism destination. The supporting data in the research were collected through qualitative observation, in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The data were obtained through purposive sampling for the local communities and convenience sampling for the tourists. It was analysed using a descriptive, qualitative method. This analysis has revealed both positive and negative perceptions among local communities and tourists in response to the potential development of ecotourism. Colin Michael HallSimon MacArthurHall, & MacArthur, S. eds. 1996, Heritage Management in Australia and New Zealand The Human Dimension, Oxford University Press, Sydney. 2nd. ed. 314pp, ISBN 0 19 5539060 Pbk â reprinted 1998 Peter A. MasonHistorically, visitor management in protected areas has been concerned largely with visitor impacts and emphasis has been placed on managing negative impacts. This has involved controlling visitor numbers, attempting to modify visitor behaviour and also modifying the resource. These approaches can be divided into hardâ and softâ categories Ling Kuo, 2002. Hardâ visitor management approaches involve physical management, regulatory management and economic management. Softâ approaches make use of education and interpretation. While the approach of managing impacts has its merits, and has met with some success, it has tended to assume that the visitor is guilty until proven innocentâ Mason, 2002. Such an approach has also tended to ignore the role of visitor experience in relation to visitor management. This paper critically evaluates a number of hardâ and softâ approaches to visitor management, focusing specifically on interpretation and codes of conduct in protected natural areas in New Zealand, Australia and Antarctica. It argues that the traditional approach of managing visitor impacts should be supported by a far greater emphasis on managing visitor experience. It proposes that placing emphasis on managing visitor experience should allow a more holistic perspective to be employed, in which the visitor can be put within a context that includes both the destination community and the environment visited. Such an approach, it is argued, should not only lead to better informed and behaved visitors, but a reduction in negative visitor impacts. Douglas G. PearceThe last ten to fifteen years have seen a marked explosion in the literature on tourism. General and specific abstracting journals and bibliographies featuring tourism exist GeoAbstracts and Leisure, Recreation and Tourism Abstracts and literature reviews of different aspects of tourism are frequently undertaken Pearce 1981; Graburn 1983; Cohen 1984 but there has been little attempt to analyse the nature of the literature itself. What is actually being used and where it is coming from are questions which have rarely been addressed as the abstracts give no indication of use and most reviews are content oriented. Answers to these questions can provide insights into the nature, structure and boundaries of tourism research.
Malioborois one of the popular destination for many tourist and local people. It is located in Yogyakarta city. Nowadays, Malioboro offers modern traditional markets to serve tourist and travelers. In this era, the Malioboro pavement has been changed with metal posts. It also includes the local symbols of Wayang and Kayon.
Governments around the world invest a lot in smart city projects and there are increasing interest in utilizing existing information and communication technology ICT facilities for tourism activity, that condition is known as a smart tourism destination Gretzel, Zhong, & Koo, 2016; Zhu, dkk, 2014; Buhalis, dkk, 2013. Bandung is known as a smart city and makes tourism as a leading sector for its regional development Putri, 2018, Bandung City has the potential to become a smart tourism destination. However, there has been no in-depth research on this. Therefore, this research aims to determine the potential of Bandung City to become a smart tourism destination and its forming dimensions, those are smart attraction, smart accessibility, smart amenities, smart ancillary, smart activities, and smart available packages. This research uses descriptive qualitative method to explore, describe the conditions or phenomena regarding the potential for smart tourism destinations in Bandung City with data collection techniques using interviews with governments and associations, observation, and documentation studies. The results of this study are Bandung City has aspects of destination smart tourism even though there are still many obstacles such as the availability of facilities, data, information, and limited funds. Figures - uploaded by Dwiesty Dyah UtamiAuthor contentAll figure content in this area was uploaded by Dwiesty Dyah UtamiContent may be subject to copyright. Discover the world's research25+ million members160+ million publication billion citationsJoin for free March-April 2020 ISSN 0193-4120 Page No. 7668 - 7675 Published by The Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc. Potential of Smart Tourism Destination in Bandung City 1Dwiesty Dyah Utami, 2 Endang Komesty Sinaga, 3Metta Karuna Desiria, 4Nurwinda Febriani, 5Revanni Anggraini Prayitno 1,2,3,4,5 Tour and Travel Department, Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia 1dwiesty 2enk 3mettakaruna18 4windaefebriani 5revanni25 Article Info Volume 83 Page Number 7668 - 7675 Publication Issue March - April 2020 Article History Article Received 24 July 2019 Revised 12 September 2019 Accepted 15 February 2020 Publication 09 April 2020 Abstract Governments around the world invest a lot in smart city projects and there are increasing interest in utilizing existing information and communication technology ICT facilities for tourism activity, that condition is known as a smart tourism destination Gretzel, Zhong, & Koo, 2016; Zhu, dkk, 2014; Buhalis, dkk, 2013. Bandung is known as a smart city and makes tourism as a leading sector for its regional development Putri, 2018, Bandung City has the potential to become a smart tourism destination. However, there has been no in-depth research on this. Therefore, this research aims to determine the potential of Bandung City to become a smart tourism destination and its forming dimensions, those are smart attraction, smart accessibility, smart amenities, smart ancillary, smart activities, and smart available packages. This research uses descriptive qualitative method to explore, describe the conditions or phenomena regarding the potential for smart tourism destinations in Bandung City with data collection techniques using interviews with governments and associations, observation, and documentation studies. The results of this study are Bandung City has aspects of destination smart tourism even though there are still many obstacles such as the availability of facilities, data, information, and limited funds. Keywords; Smart Tourism Destination, Bandung City, Smart City, Information and Communications Technology ICT, tourism. I. INTRODUCTION The advancement of technology, information, and communication ICT has a major impact on human life, this progress is also used by the government in the cities to improve the standard of living of the resident Neirotti, P, 2014. The city is also referred to as a smart city where the ICT system is applied to improve the quality of life of the community Piro et al., 2013. The smart city concept relates to the development of smart tourism destinations Buhalis, et al., 2013; Zhu, et al., 2014; Koo et al., 2016. Jasrotia and Gangotia 2018 stated that smart tourism destinations are smart cities that utilize information technology and innovation for fun, and tourism activities. However, these two things are different but mutually integrated. Judging from its orientation, the application of a smart city is intended for the public while the smart tourism destination is for tourists Gretzel et al. 2015. Lamsfus, et al. 2015 defines that tourism destination is 'smart' if they using the technology infrastructure of smart cities that aims to 1 improve tourism experience visitors 2 make tourism decisions and take action based on data assisted by a technology infrastructure. Tran, et al. 2017 also emphasized that smart tourism destinations and smart cities aren't the same things, they are clearly interrelated, and both of them are March-April 2020 ISSN 0193-4120 Page No. 7668 - 7675 Published by The Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc. two different concepts and realities where the components forming smart tourism destinations are smart attraction, smart accessibility, smart amenities, smart ancillary, smart activities and smart available packages. Bandung City is one of the smart cities in Indonesia since 2014, with the aim of utilizing communication technology to reach its entire people. The real form is free Wi-Fi access at 10,000 points in Bandung City, 300 city apps in 2016, online health services, technology-based parking systems, etc. Kamil, 2018. In 2017, Bandung City received an award from the Indonesian Smart City Rating RKCI as the 15 best cities in the category of big cities from 93 cities in Indonesia that participated in the application of smart city Putri, 2018. Regardless of Bandung City as a smart city, the advancement of ICT in Bandung City is also used in tourism activities such as the digital application portal Patrakomala, a provider of database for creative economic activists to increase tourism in Bandung, free Wi-Fi access to tourists to find information on tourism in Bandung, besides that, Bandung Tourism Office in 2018 plans to realize a tourism-specific online data center or also called digital smart tourism data, because tourism is the leading sector for Bandung city in regional income. Recorded in 2017, tourism has contributed to Bandung City's Original Revenue of around 72% from taxes and levies ISSUU, 2018. In accession to the Bandung City Regional Tourism Development Plan RIPPARDA for 2012-2025, Chapter II Article 4 states that RIPPARDA in 2021-2025 covers four aspects of tourism development, one of which is the development of tourism destinations. In fact, one of the missions of the Bandung City Culture and Tourism Agency DISBUDPAR in 2018 is to increase city tourism destinations that are highly competitive at regional, national and international levels. Although making tourism as the main sector in Bandung City, there are still some complaints from tourists, namely regarding congestion, the price of admission to tourist attractions that are too expensive, tourism transportation which is considered less feasible and the sanitation of tourist attractions that are not good Suhendra, 2016. Besides that, the problem of the lack of online media information channels regarding road access, address, and contact information of tourist attractions, hotels location, lodging places, and other data as well as the problem of information centers that do not have specific media for tourists is still an obstacle for Bandung City wisatabdg, 2019 Based on the background of the problem that has been presented, it can be identified that Bandung city has the potential to become a smart tourism destination because has applied information and communication technology but not optimal yet in tourism aspects. Therefore it is important in conducting a research entitled Potential of Smart Tourism Destination in Bandung City. II. RESEARCH METHODS The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research method which aims to explain, describe the situation or phenomenon regarding the potential for smart tourism destination in the city of Bandung by using research instruments such as interviews conducted to the Bandung City government and associations, observations regarding facilities that relating to the destination smart tourism concept and also documentation of data, news and articles on smart tourism destinations. The process of data collection is carried out in stages from interviews to observations made from April 1 to April 19, 2019. While the analytical technique used in this study is the data analysis technique belonging to Matthew et al 2014 which began in condensing data from interviews, observations and documentation about the potential of smart tourism destinations of Bandung City seen from the components of smart attraction, smart accessibility, smart amenities, March-April 2020 ISSN 0193-4120 Page No. 7668 - 7675 Published by The Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc. smart ancillary, smart activity and smart available package, then the data is presented in the form of narrative text and subsequently the data is drawn conclusions and also verification to be verified. III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A. Participant Profile Table1 Participant Data Kepala Sub Bagian Program Data dan Informasi DINAS KEBUDAYAAN DAN PARIWISATA Kota Bandung Kasi Integrasi Sistem Informasi DINAS KOMUNIKASI DAN INFORMASI Kota Bandung Bidang Perencanaan dan Pembinaan Transportasi DINAS PERHUBUNGAN Kota Bandung Direktur Eksekutif PERHIMPUNAN HOTEL DAN RESTORAN INDONESIA Jawa Barat Sekretaris Eksekutif ASOSIASI TRAVEL AGENT INDONESIA Jawa Barat Source Researcher, 2019 B. Research Result 1 The Tourism Activity in Bandung City which is Related to Smart Tourism Destination a. Smart Attraction In forming a smart attraction in Bandung City it is necessary to apply smart components, namely the use of technology in tourist attractions in the city of Bandung. My Tran et al 2017 revealed that 'smart' in tourist attractions can be created with the existence of an artificial attraction that has been personalized with geolocation and has provided audio and visual guidance tools, heritage attractions that have implemented smart device media for delivering information to tourists, special events has already using sensor of crowded control, and collaborative attraction management for each stakeholder. In addition, Lee, Wang, and Ku 2015 explain further about entertainment venues that apply the smart concept will have an impact on tourist experience. Bandung City has begun to implement and fix several things related to smart tourism destinations which include personalization of buildings with geolocation on tourist attractions such as in historical buildings, meeting building, parks and entertainment venues and already have crowded control sensors in places that are often used for holding large events. The research team conducted observations to one of the major event venues in Bandung City, the KAA Museum, where observations showed that there were a total of seven CCTVs around the museum that were used to crowded controls, audio and visual guidance tools, the application of smart device media and collaborative attraction management that is hampered on the budget, lack of data and information. Fig. 1 Geolocation Tourist Attraction in Bandung City Source observation in Google Maps b. Smart Accessibility Smart accessibility according to My Tran et al 2017 is divided into two, namely physical accessibility and digital accessibility. In its actualization, Bandung City has implemented it, but there are still shortcomings to fulfill the concept of a smart tourism destination. Examples in the field in March-April 2020 ISSN 0193-4120 Page No. 7668 - 7675 Published by The Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc. the physical form include the availability of CCTV at a crossroads owned by DISHUB which functions to regulate traffic, maintain public safety, and traffic counting. There is also CCTV owned by DISKOMINFO which its function as crowded sensors. The availability of public transportation still needs to be improved both in terms of facilities and services so that the interest of tourists and the public in using public transportation in this case TMB / Trans Metro Bandung will increase, because DISHUB states that currently the interest of the public and tourists in using public transportation is reduced. Transportation namely TMB for tourists with special needs is still in the process of testing so that it is still not operating. Of course, in a smart tourism destination, the availability of transportation for tourists with disabilities needs to be considered. In the aspect of traffic management, it is also sufficient. Fig. 2 Bus TMB/DAMRI Bandung City Source c. Smart Amenity Bandung City has begun to implement amenities management through the program Reduce, Separate, and Use or commonly called KANGPISMAN, and the program of converting gas stoves to electric stoves, in the KANGPISMAN program itself has begun to be realized by Bandung City by providing garbage facilities different types in Bandung City and also this program has received support from the tourist attractions of Bandung, namely Saung Angklung Udjo. However, the program for conversion of gas stoves to electric stoves has not been able to be implemented because there are still many considerations that must be done by the government and also the private sector from hotels and restaurants regarding the conversion program both in terms of costs and support from the government. Fig. 3 Waste Management in Bandung City Source Fig. 4 Promotion of KANGPISMAN Program by Saung Angklung Udjo March-April 2020 ISSN 0193-4120 Page No. 7668 - 7675 Published by The Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc. Source Aside from amenities management, Bandung City has begun to strengthen built amenities by using a good control system, namely the hotel marketing system from budget hotels to five-star hotels and good restaurants B2B and B2C done digitally or conventionally by facilitating website for online reservations, collaboration with operators Traveloka, RedDoorz, etc. and promotions through broadcast WhatsApp and also participating in travel exhibition events and also Travel Exchange. d. Smart Ancillary Smart ancillary in the concept of smart tourism destination according to My Tran et al 2017 must present several smart aspect such as banks that are accompanied by smart banking and mobile banking services at destinations, postal service guides for tourists through tourism websites or mobile applications, medical services that provide geolocation information about pharmacies, hospitals and other nearby health services for 24 hours with multi-language services, innovative and friendly local communities and reinforced through smart citizen programs, citizen journalism such as Web applications that usually include collaboration between users, information sharing and creativity through the Web My Tran et al 2017, e-culture, tourist feedback by implementing a complaints management application that allows travelers to easily register their complaints and direct them to appropriate city officials My Tran et al 2017, and ancillary management. In this case, Bandung City has begun to move towards smart ancillary by establishing smart banking using cashless, which is regulated by Bank Indonesia in restaurants in Bandung, but in its implementation there are still obstacles such as the existence of consumers or tourists who want to pay cash and also the absence of communication between the Bandung City government, especially DISBUDPAR and Bank Indonesia. e. Smart Activity My Tran et al 2017 stated that smart activities consist of several indicators, namely Business-MICE, leisure tourism, access to open data and nature and adventure management, and activities management. In carrying out business-MICE, Bandung City has held many events and has also provided quick access to tourists to be able to find out the ongoing events through the website and also social media. Fig. 5 Calender of Event Bandung City Website source observation website disbupar Regarding open data access, it is known that Bandung City has an open data website, namely which provides freely accessible data. Data on tourism can be obtained from the related parties, such as data on tourist arrivals through the station's land transportation to PT. KAI, through air transportation through the local airport, in this case Husein Sastranegara Airport and so on, but the data provided is not enough because there are still data that are not on the website such as the absence of data on tourist visits to the event in Bandung City, data on the types of events held in March-April 2020 ISSN 0193-4120 Page No. 7668 - 7675 Published by The Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc. Bandung City, crowd data and so on, Bandung City also provides services related to these data by contacting the manager further by email, but the feedback is slow. Figure 6 Website Open Data Bandung City source observation web The lack of Bandung City in the aspect of the smart activity is that it has not yet implemented collaborative management activities in the implementation of tourism activities in Bandung City. f. Smart Available Package In the concept of smart tourism destination STD, My Tran et al 2017 revealed that one component of the concept of STD is a smart available package, where each destination must have a transport package, namely providing energy-saving transportation packages, which can be accessed through a mobile application so that they can do online reservations, service packages that provide tour packages in multilingual applications, co-creation packages in the form of smart cards that can be used for various purposes, and collaborative package management. Bandung City has begun to implement smart available packages by having accommodation packages in hotels by providing mobile applications and websites that can facilitate the online reservation process even though only three-star hotels and above which apply it. In addition, the City of Bandung already has steps to implement collaborative package management through the hot deals program, which is selling Bandung City tour packages and also selling tour packages on DISPAR's official website in Bandung City. The weaknesses of Bandung City in implementing smart available packages are transport packages, they cannot provision of energy-efficient transportation packages, service packages that provide tour packages in multilingual applications, the co-creation package in the form of using smart cards that can be used for various purposes. 2 Aspects of Smart Tourism Destination that must Exist in Bandung City From the answers of DISBUDPAR and DISKOMINFO, they have similarities concerning this matter, which necessitate being focused on infrastructure and the provision and maintenance of facilities and infrastructure. But the interesting thing was revealed by PHRI that the priority focus was approaching promotion, not only to increase tourist arrivals but also occupancy rates. Thus it can be seen that the main focus must be given more attention than the other indicators or something primary. Because the main focus is something that must exist and take precedence so that the city of Bandung government can easily actualize the smart tourism destination concept. 3 The Main Priority in Tourism Management in Bandung City From the results of interviews with DISBUDPAR, it is known that the first priority of tourism management in Bandung City is tourism, to hold new destinations as well as community empowerment, secondly the development of tourist attractions related to the MOU that Bandung as a Creative City and its plan to become MICE city, it is intended to fill the gap between weekends and weekdays, and the last is digital and smart tourism, March-April 2020 ISSN 0193-4120 Page No. 7668 - 7675 Published by The Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc. but it still has limitations, its application in the command center there only CCTV, but is considered ineffective, DISBUDPAR has the desire to create a command center as a data center to make a tourism decision easier From the results of interviews with DISKOMINFO, DISHUB, and PHRI it is known that the main priority for tourism management in Bandung City is infrastructure. However, from these answers, the resource person has a different perspectives, DISHUB focuses on traffic infrastructures, such as transportation facilities, signs, road clusters, and sidewalks. This is in line with DISKOMINFO's opinion which also focuses on transportation infrastructure and public facilities, to increase the comfort of tourists while in Bandung. From this opinion, ASITA has another view, that the main priority in tourism management in Bandung City is culinary and shopping, because tourism in Bandung City lives from those activities. 4 Obstacles that exist in Tourism management in Bandung City The obstacles faced by Bandung City today are quite diverse. From the government's point of view, the obstacles being faced by Disbudpar are lack of data and difficult to collect data sources. In addition, technology to collect data is quite expensive and not in accordance with the budget that owned by the city government of Bandung. Moreover, the installation of geolocation is still difficult to realize because of limited budget. Furthermore, from the Diskominfo government point of view, cleanliness is an obstacle to the management of tourism in Bandung City because floods are still occurring including congestion. As is known as reported by Istiqomah 2019 that the traffic jam is still a problem and government will built flyover to unravel the congestion. DISHUB also acknowledged that congestion still occurred in Bandung City but DISHUB did not stay still, DISHUB was also revealed in the field to monitor and unravel congestion directly because there was no sensor that could overcome this due to budget. In the different point of view, PHRI stated that the current barriers to budget hotels and some restaurants are threatened to go bankrupt due to pressure from a competition which is increasingly strong. So it is necessary to take action quickly so that it can be prevented or at least minimized. 5 Tourism Trends of Bandung City in the Future It can be seen from the interview with DISHUB that Bandung city will provide a new transportation in the future for example MRT in order to connect Bandung city with other cities. In addition, cable car will be provided in order to connect tourism destination in Bandung City. For tourist attractions according to DISBUDPAR and ASITA, in the future, Bandung City will still excel in the creative economy, but ASITA added that the trend of tourism in Bandung in the future is fashion and the culinary. IV. CONCLUSION Smart tourism destination can ideally be formed if all components; smart attraction, smart accessibility, smart amenities, smart ancillary, smart activities and smart available packages can be fulfilled. Bandung City in this case has approached the concept of smart tourism destination. However, there are several obstacles faced by Bandung city such as lack of data sources, lack of integration between stakeholders, lack of ICT, inadequate infrastructure, and limited funds. In addition, the priorities of Bandung city today are still not fully oriented towards the application of smart tourism destination concept, but in the future Bandung can become a smart tourism destination because tourism trends in Bandung city are expected to expand connectivity between cities or abroad such as the design construction of MRT or increased direct flight from overseas to Bandung city and involved many people March-April 2020 ISSN 0193-4120 Page No. 7668 - 7675 Published by The Mattingley Publishing Co., Inc. in tourism management. Moreover, Bandung city has been recognized as a smart city so that it can be said that in the future Bandung City has potential become a smart tourism destination. REFERENCES [1]. Buhalis, D. dkk. 2013. Smart Tourism Destination. In information and Comunication Technologies in Tourism 2014 Springer, 553-564. [2]. Gretzel, U., Sigala, M., Xiang, Z., & Koo, C. 2015. Smart tourism foundations and developments. Springer. [3]. Gretzel, U., Zhong, L., & Koo, C. 2016. Application of smart tourism to cities. International Journal of Tourism Cities. [4]. Istiqomah, Z. 2019, Feb 27. Nasional. Retrieved May 6, 2019, from Republika [5]. ISSUU 2018. Survey Data Basis Pembangunan Daerah Kota Bandung Tahun 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019, from ISSUU [6]. Jasrotia, Aruditya & Amit Gangotia, Dr. 2018. Smart Cities To Smart Tourism Destinations A Review Paper ISSN 2249-7307. 1. 47 56. [7]. Kamil, R. 2018. Innovating Bandung. Retrieved May 6, 2019, from Kominfo [8]. Koo, Chulmo & Shin, Seunghun & Gretzel, Ulrike & Cannon Hunter, William & Chung, Namho. 2016. Conceptualization of Smart Tourism Destination Competitiveness. Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems. 26. 561-576. [9]. Koo, C., Yoo, Lee, & Zanker, M. 2016. Special Section on Generative Smart Tourism Systems and Management Man âMachine Journal of Information Management, 366 , 1301- 130 [10]. Lamsfus, C., MartĂn, D., Alzua-Sorzabal, A., & Torres-Manzanera, E.2015. Smart tourism destinations An extended conception ofsmart cities focusing on human mobility. In I. Tussyadiah & Eds., Information and Communication Technologies inTourism 2015 pp. 363â375. Heidelberg, Germany Springer. [11]. Lee, Wang, & Ku, 2015. SAP A Smart Amusement Park System for Tourist. International Journal of Information and Communication Engineering, 3407-3412. [12]. Matthew B, M., A Michael, H., & Johnny, S. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook. London SAGE Publications, Inc. [13]. My Tran, Ha & Huertas, AssumpciĂł & Moreno, Antonio. 2017. SA6 A new framework for the analysis of smart tourism destinations. A comparative case study of two Spanish destinations. [14]. Neirotti, P., Marco, A. D., Cagliano, A. C., Mangano, G., & Scorrano, F. 2014. Current trends in Smart City initiatives Some stylised facts. Elsevier, 25-36. [15]. Piro, G., Cianci, I., Griec, L. A., G. B., & Camarda, P. 2013. Information Centric Services in Smart Cities. Journal of Systems and Software, 3-50. [16]. Putri, A. W. 2018. SWA-Trends. Retrieved from SWA [17]. Suhendra. 2016, November 9. Gaya Hidup. Retrieved April 20, 2019, from [18]. wisatabdg. 2019. Wisata. Retrieved April 29, 2019, from [19]. Zhu, C., Guan, F., Wang, C., Jin, 2014. The Protective Effects of Rhodiola crenulata Extracts on Drosophila melanogaster Gut Immunity Induced by Bacteria and SDS Toxicity. Phytotherapy Res. 2812 1861-1866. [20]. Zhu, W., Zhang, L., & Li, N. 2014. Challenges, function changing of government and enterprises in Chinese smart tourism. In Z. Xiang & L. Tussyadiah Eds., Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2014. Dublin Springer ... Accordingly, the development and sustainability of tourism spatially needs innovative strategies in various economic, social, political, cultural and environmental development axes aimed at improving the quality of life of the local population and raising the economic capacity in the regions of their presence by preserving the principles of sustainable development [ 2 ] . Technical progress and technology at the present time have a great impact on human life in the spatial space, in which technology is integrated with tourism activities that are directed towards tourists and in a way that contributes to the development of the tourism process through tourist attractions, smart accessibility, smart facilities, smart services, the advantages of smart communication, smart events and management Smart [ 3 ] . The activation of smart tools and trends in the tourism field, leads to an increase in the effectiveness of the spatial attraction of tourist sites and the ability of tourism potentials to develop the regions and cities in which they are located, and thus achieve sustainable spatial development. ... Ahmed Hussien AllawiTourism is currently considered one of the most important economic sectors that directly or indirectly affect societies and have a positive role in achieving spatial development, whether on the country, regions, or cities and its sustainability, and one of the modern trends in the field of achieving sustainability is adopting Elements of intelligence in development activities, the most important of which is smart tourism, which has the potential to make a qualitative and quantitative transition in the life of the local community in various aspects economic, social, environmental, and environmental urban if smart variables smart governance - sustainability - technology - innovation - accessibility and smart mobility - communication and information technologies - social capital - cultural heritage - creativity are taken more seriously in applying them to the reality of the situation in planning, implementation and management, allowing the investment of strengths and positive disks to overcome risks, challenges and weaknesses. This study was distinguished from the previous studies on the topics of smart tourism in that it relied on all indicators that contribute to the development of smart tourism in the field of sustainable spatial development by relying on the development potential of the regions, which greatly encourages the introduction of smart technology mainly in development. As is the case in the province Karbala in Iraq, which was chosen as a study area because of its great tourism development potential to find the available and latent opportunities in the transition to smart tourism, as well as to assess its role in sustainable development. The study reached important results through the use of statistical methods, including SPSS, represented in the presence of a strong correlation between smart tourism indicators and sustainable spatial development. Tourism supply and demand directly interact intimately, whose results are reflected on the entire Karbala region in the short and long ZhangMeanwhile, the tourism industry also includes the following industries transportation, catering services, etc. With the rapid development of society, peopleâs quality of life continues to improve, and peopleâs travel needs are becoming more and more diversified. Traditional tourism management concepts and models can no longer meet peopleâs tourism needs. Based on the above problems, this article proposes a research on the application of big data technology in smart tourism, using the literature method, in-depth study of big data technology and new concepts of smart tourism, using big data mining technology, applying big data security technology. This shows the application of big data technology in smart tourism well. Finally, the analysis of the combined application of big data and smart tourism reveals that big data technology has the shortest mining time under the same amount of information mining; under the same time, the amount of mining information reaches 10,245 pieces, and the amount of data mining is the largest. Data validity reached 87%. This shows that the application of big data has promoted the development of the tourism industry to a certain extent and solved the problem of tourism of the most far-reaching changes to society in the twenty-first century is the proliferation of information and communication technologies ICTs. The technological advancements of the past years have not only had a great impact on society, business and people in everyday contexts in cities but also particularly in relation to tourism Koo et al., 2015. âSmartâ has become an increasingly popular term to describe technological, economic and social developments fueled by smart technologies that rely on sensors, big data, open data and open API, new ways of connectivity between humans and machines and multi-device, networked exchange of information. The mobile revolution, and specifically the role of the smartphone and its many opportunities to support travel experiences Wang et al., 2012, is especially worth mentioning in this context. Advances in wearable technologies and augmented/virtual reality are expected to further push the boundaries of what data can be collected and how it can be utilized/displayed/experienced. However, it is not so much the individual technological advances but rather the interconnection, synchronization and concerted use of different technologies that constitutes smartness Gretzel et al., 2015a. The term has been added to cities smart city to describe efforts aimed at using technologies innovatively to achieve resource optimization, effective and fair governance, sustainability and quality of life Gretzel et al., 2015b. In connection with physical infrastructure smart home, smart factory, smart grid, smart transportation, the focus is on blurring the lines between the physical and the digital and on fostering technology integration Hunter et al., 2015. Smart city initiatives are popping up around the world, focussing on building smart infrastructure. Saunders and Baeck 2015 describe the pillars of smart cities as the collaborative economy smarter ways of using city resources; crowdsourcing smarter ways to collect data; and collective intelligence smarter ways to make decisions. Google Trends shows a steep increase in searches for the terms âsmart cityâ and âsmart tourismâ since 2014, indicating that there is growing interest in the phenomenon. Indeed, governments around the world are investing heavily in smart city projects and there is increasing interest in harnessing such investments for tourism purposes. In the context of tourism, smart technologies are changing consumer experiences and are generating creative tourism business models. Cloud computing, big data, mobile apps, location-based services, geo-tag services, beacon technology, virtual reality, augmented reality, and social networking services are all cutting-edge examples of smart technologies enhancing the tourism experiences and services Wang et al., 2012. On the business side, smart tourism allows for new ways of managing tourist flows, better tourist services, new advertising models and new collaborative ventures that build on cloud services and open data to innovate beyond the traditional industry boundaries. As a result we witness the dawn of an age of smart tourism. However, it is not clear whether cities are really ready to seize the many advantages of smart Cities are paving the way for the development of new services in the field of tourism. The âsmartâ concept is based on the intensive deployment of Information and Communication Technology infrastructures, as well as on the proliferation of mobile technology and its apps. However, a destination is not smart because it makes intensive use of technology. It is smart because it also uses technology in order to seek a deeper understanding about the characteristics and meaning of human mobility. It uses latent knowledge and capacities to empower local institutions and industries to create knowledge-based policies and advanced mobile services for visitors. This paper presents a new approach to the Smart Destination concept and a cloud-based infrastructure designed to reach that vision. This infrastructure promotes the creation of advanced mobile tourism applications by tourism stakeholders with tools adapted to people with no programming skills. Caixia ZhuFachun GuanChao WangLi Hua JinThe aim of this study was to observe the effect of the Rhodiola crenulata extracts on gut immunity of Drosophila melanogaster. Wild-type flies fed standard cornmealâyeast medium were used as controls. Experimental groups were supplemented with R. crenulata aqueous extracts in standard medium. Survival rate was determined by feeding pathogenic microorganisms and toxic compounds. The levels of reactive oxygen species and dead cells were detected by dihydroethidium and 7-amino-actinomycin D staining, respectively. The expression of antimicrobial peptides was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and morphological change of the intestine was imaged by an Axioskop 2 plus microscope. The results demonstrate that R. crenulata increased the survival rates of adult flies and expression of antimicrobial peptide genes after pathogen or toxic compound ingestion. Moreover, decreased levels of reactive oxygen species and epithelial cell death were associated with results in improved intestinal morphology. The pharmacological action of R. crenulata from Tibet was greater than that from Sichuan. These results indicate that the R. crenulata extracts from Tibet had better pharmacological effect on D. melanogaster gut immunity after ingestion of pathogens and toxic compounds. These results may provide the pharmacological basis for prevention of inflammatory diseases of the intestine. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, âSmart Cityâ is intended as an urban environment which, supported by pervasive ICT systems, is able to offer advanced and innovative services to citizens in order to improve the overall quality of their life. In this context, the present contribution formulates a pioneering proposal, by drawing an advanced information centric platform for supporting the typical ICT services of a Smart City. It can easily embrace all available and upcoming wireless technologies, while enforcing, at the same time, ubiquitous and secure applications in many domains, such as, e-government and public administration, intelligent transportation systems, public safety, social, health-care, educational, building and urban planning, environmental, and energy and water management applications. All the details of the proposed approach have been carefully described by means of pragmatical use-cases, such as the management of administrative procedures, the starting of a new business in a given country, the navigation assistance, the signaling of an urban accident aimed at improving the public safety, the reservation of a medical examination, the remote assistance of patients, and the management of waste in a city. This description makes evident the real effectiveness of the present proposal in future urban Tourism Destination. In information and Comunication Technologies in TourismD BuhalisBuhalis, D. dkk. 2013. Smart Tourism Destination. In information and Comunication Technologies in Tourism 2014 Springer, IstiqomahIstiqomah, Z. 2019, Feb 27. Nasional. Retrieved May 6, 2019, from Republika 19/02/27/pnky1w366-tiga-flyover-d A Smart Amusement Park System for KuLee, Wang, & Ku, 2015. SAP A Smart Amusement Park System for Tourist. International Journal of Information and Communication Engineering, 3407-3412.
Amodern city hotel with lifestyle rooftop area featuring Fitness Centre, swimming pool, Spa and alfresco dining with stunning view of Bandung mountains
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Thesuccess or failure of the teaching process depends on several elements, including the media employed by the teacher. This research intends to discover the process of brainstorming by short videos of tourist attractions in teaching writing descriptive text and students' responses to it. It concerns attaining students' responses after learning using the medium.
Bandung is one of the great city in Indonesia. It is the capital city of West Java province which is located in the western part of Java Island. âFlower Cityâ, that is how they call Bandung because of its beauty and attractiveness of the city. Beside that people and tourist frequently called it as âParis Van Javaâ. Bandung lies about 180km from its capital city of Indonesia, Jakarta. The natural characteristic of Bandung is a cool city, by its average temperature around 23 Celsius which is considered as fresh in by most of Indonesian people. Its air is basically so friendly and fresh which makes me want to spend the whole holiday right here is to refresh my mind after all of the stressing routine activities. The weather here makes Bandung as one of domestic tourist destinations in Indonesia. Besides of its cool weather, Bandung also pleases all the tourists here by its culinary and shopping service. You can find shopping heaven here in Dago and Cihampelas. Here, we can find a lot of factory outlets which provides you many fashion products with cheap price. While right on the upper part, Dago has a lot of fancy cafĂ©. These cafes serve all the tourists with tasty food, both modern and traditional food in Bandung. Kiosk - Pasar Dago Cihampelas Skywalk - In short, Bandung is quiet fine place to spend all the weekend or holiday in Indonesia. A great place where provides all the people and tourists by its rich cultural products, foods, and of course its natural conditions.
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Bandung is a popular tourist destination in Indonesia and a gateway for tourists who visit destinations around greater Bandung areas. Currently, Bandung is also known as a culinary, shopping, and nature tourism destination. Past studies have measured the image of Bandung as a tourist destination. However, the measurements were done partially due to the use of quantitative method only. Thus, the results were not comprehensive. To resolve the drawbacks of the previous studies, this study used both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were collected from 430 domestic tourists by ways of structured and unstructured interviews in 20 different destinations in Bandung and the surrounding. Data were processed by descriptive statistical methods, factor analysis and content analysis. The results of quantitative analysis show that, in term of functional-attribute, Bandung was positively perceived as a destination characterized with natural scenic beauty, many interesting places, and various exotic foods. In terms of the psychological-attribute, Bandung was perceived as the right place for shopping and culinary tourism. The results of qualitative analysis indicate that, functionally, Bandung was a destination with natural scenic beauty, pleasant weather and provide various exotic foods. Psychologically, the tourists experienced calm and tranquil atmosphere, happiness, and comfort. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.... This study is conducted in Bandung, the capital of West Java, Indonesia [3]. In addition, Bandung is one of the popular tourist destinations in Indonesia that attracts domestic and foreign tourists [4]. According to [5], besides being a big city, Bandung also benefits from its position as the provincial capital, the first and foremost distribution point for food, including agricultural processed products, where around 90% of food needs are supplied from outside the region. ...... The number of requests for products in City that are fulfilled by red zone LFH in City , â â[0,1], â â , â , â , â , . 2 A variable that determines how many products' distribution of products must be done from producers in the green zone to LFH in the red zone . 4 A variable that determines how many times the distribution of products must be done from LFH in the green zone to consumers in the red zone . 1 A variable that determines the number of times the distribution of product must be completed from producers in the red zone to LFH in the green zone . 3 A variable that determines the number of times the distribution of product must be completed from LFH in the red zone to consumers in the green zone ...Athaya Zahrani Irmansyah Diah ChaeraniEndang RusyamanCoronavirus disease, commonly called Covid-19, is a virus that causes a pandemic in almost every country globally. One of those countries is Indonesia, which has many big cities with dense populations. This study was conducted in Bandung, the capital of West Java, Indonesia. As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, Bandung was seriously affected in various ways. One was the disruption in the distribution of the agricultural processed products supply chain, which changes producers and consumers' behaviour. Furthermore, as an effort by the government to break the spread of the virus, health protocols limit the distribution. The purpose of this study is to design an optimization model for the supply chain problem of agricultural processed products in Bandung during the Covid-19 period with the objective function is maximizing product suppliers so that all demands on consumers are fulfilled. The use of Local Food Hub LFH is a help in this research as a distribution centre point between the producer zone and the consumer zone. Finally, numerical experiments were carried out in two scenarios, namely Large-scale Social Distancing LSD and Partial Social Distancing PSD. It was found that the optimal distribution solution was obtained if the PSD scenario was applied.... Bandung has a variety of tourist destination images, such as culinary tourism, shopping tourism, and nature tourism [8]. So that Bandung has a diverse image as a tourist destination city, because of that Bandung has become a trending topic of travel in social media networking, the number of posts about bandung in Instagram media, there are a lot of accounts and the number of related posts, this becomes interesting. ...... Cognitive imagery refers to beliefs and knowledge of the attributes of a tourist destination. Whereas affective images refer to emotions or feelings inherent in a tourist destination [8]. ...Social Media Networking is a platform that has recently become the main media in information retrieval, digital use is easy to access for anyone, anywhere. Tourism is one of the industries that use this media platform to increase tourists visits. Bandung is one of the favorite tourist destinations, many social media users who post information, comment, review and ask fellow netizen, thus it will appear a destination image of Bandung that impacting visits. The data were collected from 195 respondents. The hypotheses were examined using Partial Least Square This research discloses that electronic word of mouth e-wom on social media networks can influence the image of the destination and have an impact on the revisit intention of the tourism destination. The research findings show that the construct of E-Wom on social media Instagram has a direct effect to revisit intention, but the effect is greater when through the destination image. This research provides input and a better understanding for researchers and practitioners of the tourism industry on how to develop tourism revisit from enhancing destination image and keep the positive e-Wom on Instagram.... Destination image literature shows that research on the image of cities as tourist destinations has started for the last two decades with Hong Kong [1], Singapore [2] and Bandung [3] as a tourist destination. However, to the best of the author's knowledge, empirical research on the image of Cirebon as a tourist destination has been lacking. ... Agustinus FebruadiTjetjep DjatnikaCirebon has a variety of popular tourist attractions such as the Kasepuhan Palace for cultural / historical tourism, the tomb of Sunan Gunung Djati for religious tourism, the Batik Trusmi tourist area for shopping tourism, and many restaurants that provide local food for culinary tourism. As such, Cirebon has a diverse image as a tourist destination. But efforts to measure the image of Cirebon as a tourist destination empirically have never been undertaken. This research was conducted to fill the lack of empirical studies on the image of Cirebon as a tourist destination. This study uses a qualitative approach to provide opportunities for respondents to freely express their opinions. Data collection was conducted via semi-structured interviews of 400 domestic tourists. Data were processed by listing the words and calculated the percentage of frequency of occurrence. The results show that Cirebon is perceived as a destination for historical tourism, culinary and batik shopping. The respondents were found to feel happy, comfortable and enthusiastic when traveling to Cirebon. The palace keraton, Sunyaragi cave and Batik Trusmi tourist areas are perceived as Cirebonâs unique destinations. Keywords destination image, qualitative approach, culinary tourism, historical tourism... Scholars suggest that tourist loyalty behaviour toward a tourism destination is an important factor in achieving a competitive advantage for a destination [3][4][5]. Several researchers have explored how tourists' experience affects their image and loyalty perceptions towards the destination. However, to date, researchers seem to be no conclusion in determining which method is the most suitable to predict tourist behaviour. ...The Indonesian creative tourism industry is currently flouring and competitive. In this competitive industry, the industry playersâ capability to predict their tourist behaviour is imperative. However, research to examine method of predicting tourist behaviour in this industry is limited. This study is designed to assess the applicability of SEM compared to Multiple Regression to predict tourist behaviour. This study uses a survey of 403 tourists from tourism attractions in Bandung. The model of tourist loyalty behaviour was assessed and compared using software AMOS SEM and SPSS Multiple Regression. The results show that the model of tourist behaviour tested by using SEM has a sound Goodness of Fit Index. Further, the coefficient of determination of tourist behaviour in the SEM model is higher compared to that of multiple regression model. In addition, this study confirms the effect of experience quality on tourist behaviour. This study reveals that applying SEM has offered a better prediction on tourist behaviour compared to Multiple Regression. This finding improves the theoretical and managerial understanding on the application of SEM in tourism industry.... The importance of having customer loyalty and its determinant factors are discussed in studies [1,2]. From all factors that contribute to loyalty, the studies believe that quality of product or services is the building block of loyalty [3]. ...The online food delivery service industry has emerged as huge and prospective industry. In this competitive business environment, having and developing loyal customer are essential; yet, research to examine customer loyalty modelling in this industry is limited. This study is designed to assess the applicability of Partial Least Square Modelling to assess the customer loyalty toward online food delivery service. This study uses a survey of 405 online food service customers collected from greater Bandung region. The model, including four quality system predictors efficiency, fulfilment, availability, and privacy, was examined using SmartPLS software. The results show that the model of loyalty toward online food has an acceptable Goodness of Fit Index. Further, the R2 of the customer loyalty in the model is These results indicate that the method applied is suitable for modelling customer loyalty. This study offers an empirical evidence on the applicability of Partial Least Square to model the customer loyalty toward online food delivery service. This result extends the existing methodological and managerial practices to develop loyalty in the online food industry.... However, while more tourists can place significant demands on infrastructure and the natural environment, they may offer little benefit to local businesses. Such a mix, of high environmental impact and low economic impact, could be detrimental to the destination's image Dean, Suhartanto, & Kusdibyo, 2019;Februadi, Wibisono, & Purnamasari, 2019. Hence, destinations that rely on natural attractions, have begun to target high quality tourists over simply increasing tourist numbers. ...Tourism contributes to regional development and generates income for destinations. However, in many cases, the growth of tourist numbers does not necessarily result in an equivalent rise in economic contribution. The search for quality tourists over the quantity of tourists is certainly an important goal of regional development managers, but the efforts required to implement such an approach, especially the detailed documentation of tourist behavior while visiting the region, pose a challenge for most. This is perhaps why the analysis of quality vs quantity of tourists has been limited. This study focuses on the Great Ocean Road Region in Australia; an area that is experiencing increased visitor numbers but is not seeing commensurate economic growth. A fine-grained analysis of the international and domestic tourists is employed to determine behavior- based tourist quality, including the measurement of their traveling behavior, overnight visitation pattern, expenditure, and regional dispersal. Data was collected from 311 domestic tourists and 562 international tourists. Descriptive statistical methods were used in analyzing data. Results indicate that the domestic tourists were of a higher quality than the international tourists; they stayed longer, spent more, and were more widespread across the region than the international tourists. Hence, high- quality tourists can be a valuable resource and should be a priority for regional tourism development.... However, while more tourists can place significant demands on infrastructure and the natural environment, they may offer little benefit to local businesses. Such a mix, of high environmental impact and low economic impact, could be detrimental to the destination's image Dean, Suhartanto, & Kusdibyo, 2019;Februadi, Wibisono, & Purnamasari, 2019. Hence, destinations that rely on natural attractions, have begun to target high quality tourists over simply increasing tourist numbers. ...Tourism contributes to regional development and generates income for destinations. However, in many cases, the growth of tourist numbers does not necessarily result in an equivalent rise in economic contribution. The search for quality tourists over the quantity of tourists is certainly an important goal of regional development managers, but the efforts required to implement such an approach, especially the detailed documentation of tourist behavior while visiting the region, pose a challenge for most. This is perhaps why the analysis of quality vs quantity of tourists has been limited. This study focuses on the Great Ocean Road Region in Australia; an area that is experiencing increased visitor numbers but is not seeing commensurate economic growth. A fine-grained analysis of the international and domestic tourists is employed to determine behavior-based tourist quality, including the measurement of their traveling behavior, overnight visitation pattern, expenditure, and regional dispersal. Data was collected from 311 domestic tourists and 562 international tourists. Descriptive statistical methods were used in analyzing data. Results indicate that the domestic tourists were of a higher quality than the international tourists; they stayed longer, spent more, and were more widespread across the region than the international tourists. Hence, high-quality tourists can be a valuable resource and should be a priority for regional tourism studies encourage tourist destinations to consider dispersal and mobility as key strategic components of tourism planning and development. Essential aspects such as the visited destinations and the arrival as well as exit directions become a basis for formulating a tourism planning policy. However, research in examining this paradigm by using a spatial analysis is limited. Therefore, this paper introduces an analysis by using Geographic Information Systems GIS to create a visualization of tourist dispersal and mobility. This methodology was implemented in the Great Ocean Road Region, an iconic regional destination in Australia that is experiencing limited tourist dispersal. Results from 351 questionnaires were processed by GIS with a web-based application. The data were processed by using certain tools, including ArcGIS ESRI to create spatial data as well as PHP and JavaScript programming languages to visualize the results. The results show that there is a low geographical dispersal in the region because the hinterland area remains untapped while the coastal area receives abundant of tourists. It is aggravated by limited tourist mobility due to the same directions of touristsâ arrival and exit. With GIS technology, the visualization of this spatial analysis shows a possible tourism pressure that is worth noted by policymakers in the planning and development study was designed to obtain a collective mental picture of the United States as a travel destination among Chinese long-haul outbound travelers. In addition to identifying major features and components of the America travel brand, the authors also attempted to map the links and associations among various image components and sketch an associative network. Findings of this study revealed that overall, Chinese outbound touristsâ perceptions of America are highly urban, featuring advanced economic development, an open and democratic system, high technology, and big cities. Most American destinations and attractions Chinese tourists can think of are located on the East and West coasts. By analyzing the data from multiple perspectives and using various tools, the authors also hope to contribute some methodological insights on how to make sense of a large amount of categorical image study examines the linguistic structure of destination image using China as an example. The phrases the tourists use to describe Chinaâs image follow the power-law distribution and exhibit the long tail pattern. The destination image is dominated by a few very popular phrases, but contains a large amount of phrases in small niches. Analysis on Google keyword search volumes shows that those phrases are likely to be the keywords tourists use when searching destination information online. In addition, the tourists who use those niche phrases are more likely to travel to China. Thus, Destination Marketing Organizations should promote the niche images as well as the commonly held images in their online marketing its Mediterranean location, Turkey has been unable to consistently achieve its tourism goals, as evidenced by fluctuating numbers in tourism earnings and a small share of the international tourism market. This discrepancy might be attributed to Turkeyâs image in the minds of world travelers. The main purpose of this study was to examine the role of destination image and traveler perceptions along with other behavioral variables in destination choice decisions of potential travelers. A self-administered survey was used to collect data from 552 respondents response rate. The findings indicate that perceptions of Turkeyâs overall appeal, its safe and hospitable environment, general mood and vacation atmosphere, travel experience, relaxing effect, local attractions and hospitality, authenticity of experience, social and personal communication channels, comfort/safety, and tourist facilitation are significant predictors of the likelihood of travel to Turkey. Some destination marketing strategies are study compares international pleasure travelersâ images of four Mediterranean destinationsâTurkey, Egypt, Greece, and Italyâfor both visitors and nonvisitors. The image construct was conceptualized as having three components cognitive, affective, and overall image. MANOVA analysis indicated that significant differences exist in all image components between the four destination countries. The findings revealed strengths and weaknesses of the four competing destinations and implications for positioning in the international pleasure market as well as product development and promotion strategy for the purpose of this study was to examine the dimensionality and usefulness of Hofstede's measure of values and Kahle's List of Values LOV in the context of parks and recreation. Parks and recreation areas around the world increasingly serve as international visitor attractions and play an important role in the international tourism industry. Since values presumably differ among members of different cultures and purportedly influence people's perceptions and behaviours, studying values among culturally diverse visitors is important if we are to understand their influence on parks and recreation perceptions and behaviour. In 2005â2006, visitors to Pokfulam Country Park near metropolitan Hong Kong were surveyed. Using a purposive on-site convenience sampling approach at sites known to be heavily used by visitors with diverse ethnic backgrounds, a sample of 253 Hong Kong residents, 153 Mainland Chinese Visitors and 233 Westerners including American, British, Australian, and European was obtained. Analyses showed that when employed in a park and recreation context, Hofstede's measure of values must be further refined to provide acceptable validity, reliability, and utility. On the other hand, Kahle's List of Values LOV was found to be a meaningful and useful measure of values in a park setting. Two dimensions of values, external and internal, were extracted from the original four-dimension model and were compared among groups. Discussion of the findings and research implications are image is among the most frequently measured constructs in empirical survey research. Academic tourism researchers tend to use multi-category scales, often referring to them as âLikert scales,â while industry typically uses âpick-anyâ measures. But which leads to results that are more valid? Findings from a large-scale experimental study show that a âforced-choice full binaryâ format where respondents have to tick âyesâ and ânoâ for each destination-attribute combination performs better than both current preferred formats in academic and applied destination image and positioning studies in tourism have been limited to those dealing with the image's perceptual or cognitive component. This study examined the applicability of Russel and his colleagues' proposed affective space structure to large-scale environments tourism destination countries as well as its potential as a positioning structure to study affective images of tourism destinations. The multidimensional scaling analysis of 11 Mediterranean countries along with proposed affective space structure indicated that Russel and his colleagues' proposed affective space can also be applied to places that are not perceived directly. It also showed potential for studying the affective image positioning of tourism destinations. The article concludes with some theoretical and practical implications and future research areas regarding tourism destination the significance of perceived travel risk and destination image, relatively few studies address the effect of perceived travel risks on the formation of destination image, and the mediating role of destination image. This study draws new insights by examining 1 the effects of perceived risks on destination image, and 2 the mediating role of destination image between perceived risks and revisit intention of repeat tourists to a risky destination. With perceived risk and destination image being empirically distinctive constructs, findings revealed that perceived socio-psychological and financial risks influenced both cognitive and affective destination images. Perceived physical risk did not have a significant influence on destination image, although it directly affected revisit intention. Additionally, destination image significantly mediated the relationships between two risks, namely, perceived socio-psychological and financial risks, and revisit intention. Several managerial implications concerning the management of risk perceptions and the promotion of risky destinations are discussed in this generally assume that top-of-mind TOM brand associations represent a unique body of brand knowledge. However, this assumption has not been sufficiently tested and substantiated. This study investigates how unique TOM brand associations actually are and examines the differences between TOM and other spontaneous recalls by adopting quantitative measures from other disciplines, primarily biology. The empirical data are obtained via a large survey of past and potential Chinese outbound tourists regarding how they view the as a destination. The results indicate that TOM brand association information may effectively capture a large portion of overall brand knowledge. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are events have many effects on host regions. Considering their influence on tourist behavior, image-related effects merit more attention. In spite of broad agreement among scholars regarding the influence of image on individual behavior, little empirical research has been conducted on this aspect. This study focuses on the influence of various dimensions of destination image on onsite experiences, of these on overall evaluation and behavioral intentions, and of the latter on behavioral intentions. The results show that the four dimensions of image have differential effects on these experiences, which in turn influence subsequent de lâimage de destination de la CorĂ©e par la Coupe du Monde 2002. Les mĂ©ga-Ă©vĂ©nements ont beaucoup dâeffets sur la rĂ©gion dâaccueil. Ătant donnĂ© leur influence sur le comportement des touristes, les effets liĂ©s Ă lâimage mĂ©ritent plus dâattention. MalgrĂ© lâaccord gĂ©nĂ©ral parmi les spĂ©cialistes en ce qui concerne lâinfluence de lâimage sur le comportement individuel, peu de recherche empirique a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e sur cet aspect. Cet article se concentre sur lâinfluence des diverses dimensions de lâimage de destination sur les expĂ©riences sur le site, de celles-ci sur lâĂ©valuation globale et de cette derniĂšre sur les intentions de comportement. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les quatre dimensions de lâimage ont des effets diffĂ©rentiels sur ces expĂ©riences, qui Ă leur tour influencent le comportement ultĂ©rieur. Seyhmus BalogluThis study develops and tests a model to examine the organization of informational, motivational, and mental constructs on visitation intention in a path analytic framework. The findings indicated that variety amount and type of information sources used and socio-psychological travel motivations determine travelers' perceptual/cognitive evaluations that, in turn, form their affection feelings about tourist destinations. A traveler's intent to visit, then, is determined by a combination of perceptual/cognitive and affective evaluations, information sources used, and travel motivations. However, destination image cognition and affect appeared to mediate the relationship between visitation intention and stimuli information sources and consumer factors socio-psychological travel motivations. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed and future research areas are suggested to better understand travelers' destination selection BCRobert A. LuptonThis study identifies factors associated with and discriminating among destination adopters, inactives, and rejecters. The setting is the state of New Mexico. The empirical findings are based on a sample of more than 900 out-of-state residents. The approach demonstrates how destination image, destination experience, and demographic character istics combine to influence segment membership. Moreover, the results also indicate that adopters and inactives can be separated by their image of the destination and by demo graphic characteristics. Managerial implications are C. Fakeye John CromptonDestination image was conceptualized as evolvingfrom an organic image, through an induced image, to a complex image. These image phases were linked to the informative, persuasive, and reminding functions of promotion. Data were analyzed from a sample of 568 prospective, first-time, and repeat long-stay winter visitors to the lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. These three subsamples were considered likely to be reasonably reflective of the three stages of image evolution. Significant differences on all five of the image factors which were derived were found between nonvisitors and the other two subsamples. Length of stay was found to significantly affect image on two of the five factors. Differences in image based on respondents' proximity to the Valley were revealed on only one of the five destination image has received much attention for about three decades. Studies of various aspects of destination images increased in volume during the 1990s. Echtner and Ritchie's 1991 review of destination image literature resulted in several suggestions in terms of both the conceptualization and operationalization of destination image. This study looks at the evolutionary nature of tourism destination image studies from both theoretical and operational perspectives. Necessary adjustments in the methodological rigor and the focus of inquiry for destination image research are offered using Echtner and Ritchie's review as a guide. A review of literature about destination image and other pertinent concepts indicated that several of Echtner and Ritchie's recommendations have been followed, whereas others have not. Also, several other important conceptualization- and methodology-related issues identified in the destination image literature are paper argues that recent developments in the theory of place image hold great potential for tourism marketers, but that their full value has yet to be realized. The article reviews some of the relevant theories of place image, and, in particular, it discusses the differences between what has been termed naiveâ and re-evaluatedâ images of places. It then demonstrates the value of using place image in market research to assist in the formulation of tourism policy. This is accomplished through a case study drawn from the seaside resort of Barry Island in South Wales, where destination managers included an evaluation of the resort's organicâ images in their market research to assist in shaping a new tourism strategy. The article concludes by arguing that the adoption of a more integrated approach to place marketing is a valuable exercise for any study addresses two gaps in the research on tourist revisit intention the impact of the pre-visit psychological factor of travel motivation and its relationship with destination image. Path analysis is adopted to examine the relationships among destination image, travel motivation, and revisit intention in a rural tourism context. A causal relationship is detected between three motivation dimensions, two image dimensions, and revisit intention. All three motivational constructs intellectual, escape, and belonging exert a significant influence on the cognitive dimension of image, whereas only the motivation construct of escape is significantly related to the affective dimension of image. A causal relationship is also identified between the affective dimension of image and revisit intention. Girish PrayagEmpirical studies have analyzed the relationship between destination image and other evaluative constructs such as perceived value and service quality. However, the role and influence of destination image on future behavioral intentions have been of lesser interest. Consequently, this article examines the relationship between destination image, satisfaction, and future behavioral intentions of visitors to the island of Mauritius. A theoretical model is tested on a sample of 705 international visitors using structural equations modeling. The results show that destination image has a direct and an indirect influence over future behavior. Satisfaction and overall image play a mediating role between destination image and future behavior. As a result, important theoretical and practical implications for destination image research and marketing are study measured Russia's destination image among US pleasure travelers by the means of a Web-based survey. The methodology proposed by Echtner and Ritchie [1993. The measurement of destination image An empirical assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31Spring, 3â13] was enriched by using a combination of two software programs, CATPAC and WORDER, to analyze responses to open-ended questions about stereotypical holistic, affective, and uniqueness images and facilitate statistical comparisons of images between visitors and non-visitors to Russia. A favorability variable was operationalized on the textual data, and affective images of visitors and non-visitors to Russia were statistically compared. The study found that American travelersâ perceptions of Russia were often negative and there is a lack of awareness about Russia's destination features. Marketing implications for Russia's Federal Travel Agency based on the study results are Kee HuiTai Wai David WanThe present study seeks to examine the image of Singapore as a tourist destination. A sample of 131 tourists was collected at the Singapore Changi International Airport's two departure halls. In addition to answering a short Likert-scale questionnaire, respondents were asked to describe in their own words the unique aspects of the country. Comparisons of response differences in respect of gender, age groups, educational levels as well as countries of origin were also conducted. Significant perceptual differences were detected with respect to the last three categories. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley &Sons, J. MacKay FesenmaierThis study integrates theories from tourism destination choice, advertising, and landscape aesthetics to examine how content of promotional visuals affects destination image construction and interpretation. Three iterative phases of visual stimuli selection, focus groups, and a questionnaire were used. Results of the study indicated three landscape perception elements and four dimensions of image were projected by visuals. Analyses of covariance results supported landscape perception elements as significant predictors of image. Familiarity with the destination was significant across all image dimensions. Focus group results associated destination familiarity with affective evaluation of visuals and lack of familiarity with cognitive evaluation. Implications are discussed for image theory, marketing practice, and future visuel de la formation de l'image de la destination. Cette Ă©tude intĂšgre les thĂ©ories due choix de destination touristique, de la publicitĂ© et de l'esthĂ©tique du paysage pour examiner comment la publicitĂ© visuelle affecte la construction et l'interprĂ©tation de l'image touristique. On utilise trois Ă©tapes frĂ©quentatives la sĂ©lection de stimuli visuels, les groupes de discussion et un sondage. L'Ă©tude identifie trois Ă©lĂ©ments de la perception du paysage et quatre dimensions de l'image. L'analyse des co-variants appuie l'importance de la perception du paysage et de la familiaritĂ© de la destination. Les groupes de discussion associaient la familiaritĂ© avec l'Ă©valuation affective et la nouveautĂ© avec l'Ă©valuation cognitive. On discute les implications pour la thĂ©orie de l'image, le marketing et la recherche. Seyhmus BalogluMehmet MangalogluThis study emphasized the importance of travel intermediariesâ images for international travel destinations, and examined structured scale items and unstructured open-ended images of selected Mediterranean destinations Turkey, Egypt, Greece and Italy as perceived by US-based travel intermediaries. The results found significant differences in images of tour operators/travel agents promoting these destinations and those not promoting. The findings indicated that tour operators and travel agents promoting these destinations have differentiated images of the four destinations. The structured and unstructured images helped identify common and unique characteristics as well as strengths and weaknesses of the four tourist destination countries. The results provided important implications and directions for the governments and tourism authorities of Turkey, Egypt, Greece and Italy for developing a marketing strategy targeting distribution channel the significance of destination branding in both academia and industry, literature on its conceptual development is limited. The current study aims to develop and test a theoretical model of destination branding, which integrates the concepts of the branding and destination image. The study suggests unique image as a new component of destination brand associations. It is proposed that the overall image of the destination brand image is a mediator between its brand associations cognitive, affective, and unique image components and touristsâ future behaviors intentions to revisit and recommend. The results confirmed that overall image is influenced by three types of brand associations and is a critical mediator between brand associations and touristsâ future behaviors. In addition, unique image had the second largest impact on the overall image formation, following the cognitive purpose of this work is to enrich the body of knowledge on destination image by examining in depth the multi-dimensional nature of this concept, as well as analysing the relationship between psychological factors and perceived image of a tourist destination. The research was conducted with 807 tourists visiting a holiday destination. As hypothesized, results found that destination image is a multi-dimensional concept formed by cognitive and affective evaluations of a place. In addition, results provide support for the influence of psychological factors, motivations and cultural values, on image that individuals have of a tourist destination before visiting it. Finally, several managerial implications concerning the promotion and positioning of tourist destinations are outlined in this aim of this paper is to develop and empirically validate a model which explains the different factors which form the post-visit image of a destination. Based on a literature review, this will involve analyzing the relationship between the different components of the perceived image and the factors which influence its formation. These include both sources of information primary and secondary and stimuli influencing the forming of perceptions and evaluations of destinations pre- and post-visit, respectively, and motivation, accumulated touristic experiences and sociodemographic facteurs qui influencent lâimage des destinations. Le propos de cet article est de dĂ©velopper et de valider empiriquement un modĂšle qui explique les diffĂ©rents facteurs qui forment lâimage dâune destination aprĂšs la visite. En se basant sur un bilan de la litĂ©rature, on analyse la relation entre les diffĂ©rents Ă©lĂ©ments de lâimage perçue et les facteurs qui influencent sa formation. Ces facteurs comprennent les sources dâinformation de nature primaire ou secondaire et les impulsions qui influencent la formation des perceptions et dâs Ă©valuations des destinations avant et aprĂšs la visite, respectivement, et les caractĂ©ristiques sociodĂ©mographiques et celles de la motivation et des experiences touristiques accumulĂ©es. Steven PikeThe analysis of destination image is relatively recent. However, in almost three decades since the first studies emerged, the topic has become one of the most popular in the tourism research literature. A review of 142 destination image papers, published in the literature during the period 1973â2000, was undertaken to provide destination image researchers with a reference guide to the context, method and focus of previous Choi Andrew ChanJanice WuThe present study uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches as developed by Echtner and Ritchie 1991, Journal of Tourism Studies 22, 2â12, to investigate the image of Hong Kong. A sample of 142 tourists were collected at the Kai Tak Airport departure hall in April 1996. In addition to a set of pre-developed statements, respondents were asked to describe the unique aspects of Hong Kong, in their own words. The findings indicated that Hong Kong was considered as a shopping paradiseâ by most respondents. Its weakness, however, was the crowded, busy and stressful urban environment. Among other attractions, the Peak and the Star Ferry were considered as the landmarks of Hong Kong. Seyhmus BalogluCurtis LoveAssociation meeting planners get actively involved in site selection process and influence association decision-makers in terms of determining the consideration set of convention sites as well as the selection of final sites. This study assesses and compares association meeting planners' structured cognitive, affective, and global impression and unstructured open-response elicitation perceptions as well as behavioral intentions for five major US convention cities Las Vegas, Chicago, Dallas, Atlanta, and Orlando. The study found that association meeting planners have differentiated images and intentions for the convention cities. The identified strengths and weaknesses, coupled with qualitative evaluations and importance of perceptual dimensions, provide important implications for the convention cities in terms target marketing, positioning, and communication citra Bandung sebagai destinasi wisata belanjaT N AgustianiAgustiani, T. N. 2017. Analisis citra Bandung sebagai destinasi wisata belanja. Bachelor, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Malaysia Antusias ke Pasar Baru dan Cihampelas, Pikiran RakyatA EfendiEfendi, A. 2017, 27 Maret 2017. Turis Malaysia Antusias ke Pasar Baru dan Cihampelas, Pikiran Rakyat. Retrieved from image kota Bandung. Paper presented at the Indutrial Research Workshop and National SeminarR KhoirianaT NurlambangKhoiriana, R., & Nurlambang, T. 2017. Brand image kota Bandung. Paper presented at the Indutrial Research Workshop and National Seminar, MardianaMardiana, D. Producer. 2018, 8 April 2018. 99 Tempat Wisata Baru di Bandung 100% Terbaru, Murah & Gratis 2018. Tempat Wisata di Bandung. Retrieved from menuju kota ekonomi kreatifD A SalimSalim, D. A. 2014. Bandung menuju kota ekonomi kreatif. Retrieved 8 April 2018 destination image kota Bandung sebagai daerah tujuan wisata terhadap post-visit behaviour wisatawanW SucianiSuciani, W. 2014. Pengaruh destination image kota Bandung sebagai daerah tujuan wisata terhadap post-visit behaviour wisatawan. Bachelor, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Ditetapkan Sebagai Destinasi Wisata Kuliner Indonesia, Pikiran RakyatS WidiantoWidianto, S. 2015, 23 November 2015. Bandung Ditetapkan Sebagai Destinasi Wisata Kuliner Indonesia, Pikiran Rakyat. Retrieved from
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